Percepción del riesgo ante el contagio por SARS-CoV-2 en la población mexicana

Ana María Recio-Vivas; Mª Alexandra Gualdron-Romero; David Peña-Otero; Isabel Font-Jiménez; David Díaz-Pérez; Kimm Allegría Castañeda-Arellanes; José Miguel Mansilla-Domínguez

Ana María Recio-Vivas Universidad Europea de Madrid (Madrid, España)
Mª Alexandra Gualdron-Romero Hospital de Sierrallana, Servicio Cántabro de Salud (Torrelavega, Cantabria, España) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5838-2388
David Peña-Otero Institutos de Investigación IDIVAL y IiSGM (Santander, Cantabria, España) http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6896-2984
Isabel Font-Jiménez Universidad Europea de Madrid (Madrid, España)
David Díaz-Pérez Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, España) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-288X
Kimm Allegría Castañeda-Arellanes International Nursing Network (México) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1501-323X
José Miguel Mansilla-Domínguez Universidad Europea de Madrid (Madrid, España)

Palabras clave: Betacoronavirus, Infecciones por coronavirus, Pandemias, Percepción, Riesgo a la salud

Key-words: Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus infections, Pandemics, Perception, Health risk

Resumen

Introducción: La COVID-19, ha supuesto un reto para la salud pública a nivel mundial. México, tuvo que afrontar la fuerte demanda de servicios sanitarios, con un elevado número de ingresos hospitalarios y en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Las medidas sociales y de salud pública juegan un papel esencial para intentar de tener la propagación del virus. Estas medidas son las siguientes: La detección y aislamientos de casos, localización de contactos, y medidas de comportamientos individuales y ambientales de distanciamiento social y físico.
Objetivo: Analizar la percepción del riesgo ante el contagio del virus SARS-CoV-2 en la población mexicana.
Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo, con muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, realizado entre el 2 de junio y el 16 de julio de 2020 en México a través de un cuestionario ad hoc distribuido a través de redes sociales y organismos oficiales.
Resultados: El 42,9% de los encuestados reconoce un riesgo medio ante el contagio por SARS-CoV-2. Atendiendo al nivel de estudios, el miedo al contagio está presente en porcentajes mayores del 73% en todas las categorías.
Conclusiones: Existe asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas y una experiencia directa a nivel familiar o social con el virus y la percepción de riesgo. Conocer esta percepción del riesgo resulta fundamental para el establecimiento de medidas de prevención efectivas

Abstract

Introduction: COVID-19 has been a challenge for public health worldwide. Mexico, had to face the strong demand for health services, with a high number of hospital admissions and in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The Social and public health measures play an essential role in trying to stop the virus spread. These measures are the following: The detection and isolation of cases, contact tracing, and measures of individual behaviors and social and physical distancing environments.
Objective: To analyze the perception of risk in the face of contagion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the Mexican population.
Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study, with sampling simple random probabilistic study, carried out between June 2 and July 16, 2020 in Mexico through an ad hoc questionnaire distributed through social networks and official organizations.
Results: 42.9% of those surveyed recognized a medium risk of contagion by SARS-CoV-2. Considering the level of studies, the fear of contagion is present in percentages greater than 73% in all categories.
Conclusions: There is an association between the sociodemographic variables and a direct experience at the family or social level with the virus and the perception of risk. Knowing this perception of risk is essential for the establishment of effective prevention measures

Bibliografía

1. Dirección General de Epidemiología. SINAVE. Informe técnico referente al Nuevo Coronavirus COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/560878/Comunicado_Tecnico_ Diario_COVID-19_2020.06.30.pdf
2. Gobierno de México. Conferencia de prensa, informe diario sobre coronavirus, COVID-19 en México. [Internet]. 2020. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.gob.mx/2020/06/30/conferencia-30-de-junio/
3. Tobías A. Evaluation of the lockdowns for the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy and Spain after one month follow up. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2020 Jul; 725:138539. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969720320520
4. Abdelhafiz AS, Mohammed Z, Ibrahim ME, Ziady HH, Alorabi M, Ayyad M, et al. Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitude of Egyptians Towards the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Community Health [Internet]. 2020 Apr 21; Disponible en: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10900-020-00827-7
5. Aerts C, Revilla M, Duval L, Paaijmans K, Chandrabose J, Cox H, et al. Understanding the role of disease knowledge and risk perception in shaping preventive behavior for selected vector-borne diseases in Guyana. Lenhart A, editor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2020 Apr 6;14(4):e0008149. Disponible en: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008149
6. Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2020 Apr 8; Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD013574
7. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 Mar 13; Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2763184
8. Barr M, Raphael B, Taylor M, Stevens G, Jorm L, Giffin M, et al. Pandemic influenza in Australia: Using telephone surveys to measure perceptions of threat and willingness to comply. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2008 Dec;15;8(1):117. Disponible en: https://bmcinfectdis. biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-8-117
9. Benítez-Díaz L, Diaz-Quijano FA, Martínez-Vega RA. Experiencia y percepción del riesgo asociados a conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en Riohacha, Colombia. Cien Saude Colet [Internet]. 2020 Mar;25(3):1137–46. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232020000301137&tlng=es
10. Casanova M, Bagliacca EP, Silva M, Patriarca C, Veneroni L, Clerici CA, et al. How young patients with cancer perceive the Covid-19 (coronavirus) epidemic in Milan, Italy: is there room for other fears? Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2020 Apr 2;e28318. Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pbc.28318
11. Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. J Anxiety Disord [Internet]. 2020 Aug; 74:102258. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887618520300724
12. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 May 2;17(9):3165. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3165
13. Ciotti M, Angeletti S, Minieri M, Giovannetti M, Benvenuto D, Pascarella S, et al. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview. Chemotherapy [Internet]. 2020 Apr 7;1–9. Disponible en: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507423
14. Mansilla Domínguez JM, Font Jiménez I, Belzunegui Eraso A, Peña Otero D, Díaz Pérez D, Recio Vivas AM. Risk Perception of COVID−19 Community Transmission among the Spanish Population. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Dec 2;17(23):8967. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/8967
15. Bish A, Michie S. Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. Br J Health Psychol [Internet]. 2010 Nov;15(4):797–824. Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1348/135910710X485826
16. Niepel C, Kranz D, Borgonovi F, Emslander V, Greiff S. The coronavirus (COVID‐19) fatality risk perception of US adult residents in March and April 2020. Br J Health Psychol [Internet]. 2020 Jun 10; bjhp.12438. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bjhp.12438
17. Samadipour E, Ghardashi F, Aghaei N. Evaluation of Risk Perception of Covid-19 Disease: A Community-based Participatory Study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep [Internet]. 2020 Sep 2;120. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32873355
18. Van Loenen T, Faber MJ, Westert GP, Van den Berg MJ. The impact of primary care organization on avoidable hospital admissions for diabetes in 23 countries. Scand J Prim Health Care [Internet]. 2016 Jan 2 [cited 2019 Jul 30];34(1):5–12. Disponible en: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/02813432.2015.1132883
19. Taylor M, Raphael, Barr, Agho, Stevens, Jorm. Public health measures during an anticipated influenza pandemic: Factors influencing willingness to comply. Risk Manag Healthc Policy [Internet]. 2009 Jan;9. Disponible en: http://www.dovepress.com/public-health-measures-during-an-anticipated-influenza-pandemic-factor-peer-reviewed-article-RMHP
20. Tomczyk S, Rahn M, Schmidt S. Social Distancing and Stigma: Association Between Compliance With Behavioral Recommendations, Risk Perception, and Stigmatizing Attitudes During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2020 Aug 11;11. Disponible en: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01821/full
21. Wise T, Zbozinek TD, Michelini G, Hagan CC, Mobbs D. Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. R Soc Open Sci [Internet]. 2020 Sep 16;7(9):200742. Disponible en: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.200742
22. Atchison C, Bowman L, Vriten C, Redd R, Pristera P, Eaton J, et al. Perceptions and behavioural responses of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of UK Adults. BMJ Yale. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20050039
23. Motta Zanin G, Gentile E, Parisi A, Spasiano D. A Preliminary Evaluation of the Public Risk Perception Related to the COVID-19 Health Emergency in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Apr 27;17(9):3024. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3024
24. Toan Luu Duc Huynh. The COVID-19 risk perception: A survey on socioeconomics and media attention’’. Economics Bulletin. . Econ Bull. 2020;40(1):758-764.
25. Brug J, Aro AR, Oenema A, de Zwart O, Richardus JH, Bishop GD. SARS Risk Perception, Knowledge, Precautions, and Information Sources, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2004 Aug;10(8):1486–9. Disponible en: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/8/04-0283_article.htm
26. Dryhurst S, Schneider CR, Kerr J, Freeman ALJ, Recchia G, van der Bles AM, et al. Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. J Risk Res [Internet]. 2020 May 5;1–13. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193
27. Preslorn SH. The 5% of the Population at High Risk for Severe COVID-19 Infection Is Identifiable and Needs to Be Taken Into Account When Reopening the Economy. J Psychiatr Pract [Internet]. 2020 May;26(3):219–27. Disponible en: http://journals.lww.com/10.1097/PRA.0000000000000475
28. Garcia-Castrillo L, Petrino R, Leach R, Dodt C, Behringer W, Khoury A, et al. European Society For Emergency Medicine position paper on emergency medical systems response to COVID-19. Eur J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2020 Apr;1. Disponible en: http://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000701
29. Geldsetzer P. Use of Rapid Online Surveys to Assess People’s Perceptions During Infectious Disease Outbreaks: A Cross-sectional Survey on COVID-19. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2020 Apr 2;22(4):e18790. Disponible en: http://www.jmir.org/2020/4/e18790/
30. Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. Int J Surg [Internet]. 2020 Jun;78:185–93. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1743919120303162
31. Wadhera R, Wadhera P, Gaba P, Figueroa J, Joynt Maddox K, Yeh R, et al. Variation in COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Deaths Across New York City Boroughs. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;
32. Batty GD, Deary IJ, Luciano M, Altschul DM, Kivimäki M, Gale CR. Psychosocial factors and hospitalisations for COVID-19: Prospective cohort study based on a community sample. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 Jun; Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S088915912031309X
33. Lange SJ, Ritchey MD, Goodman AB, Dias T, Twentyman E, Fuld J, et al. Potential Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Use of Emergency Departments for Acute Life-Threatening Conditions — United States, January–May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2020 Jun 26;69(25):795–800. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e2.htm?s_cid=mm6925e2_w
34. Szabo A, Ábel K, Boros S. Attitudes toward COVID-19 and stress levels in Hungary: Effects of age, perceived health status, and gender. Psychol Trauma Theory, Res Pract Policy [Internet]. 2020 Sep;12(6):572–5. Disponible en: http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?-doi=10.1037/tra0000665
35. McFadden SM, Malik AA, Aguolu OG, Willebrand KS, Omer SB. Perceptions of the adult US population regarding the novel coronavirus outbreak. Samy AM, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 Apr 17;15(4):e0231808. Disponible en: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231808
36. Kwok KO, Li KK, Chan HHH, Yi YY, Tang A, Wei WI, et al. Community Responses during Early Phase of COVID-19 Epidemic, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 Jul;26(7):1575–9. Disponible en: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0500_article.htm

Percepción del riesgo ante el contagio por SARS-CoV-2 en la población mexicana

Risk perception of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Mexican population

Resumen

Abstract

Bibliografía