La otra cara de la pandemia: perspectiva psicosocial de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19

Carla López López; Noelia Vicho de la Fuente; Manuel Lorenzo López Reboiro; Andrés Blanco Hortas; José López Castro

Carla López López Servicio Gallego de Salud, Hospital Público de Monforte de Lemos (Lugo, España). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-9959
Noelia Vicho de la Fuente Servicio Gallego de Salud, Hospital Público de Monforte de Lemos (Lugo, España). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8878-8688
Manuel Lorenzo López Reboiro Servicio Gallego de Salud, Hospital Público de Monforte de Lemos (Lugo, España). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7196-251X
Andrés Blanco Hortas Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (Lugo, España) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-9282
José López Castro Servicio Gallego de Salud, Hospital Público de Monforte de Lemos (Lugo, España). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-3423

Palabras clave: Impacto psicosocial, Infecciones por coronavirus, Aislamiento de pacientes, Hospitalización

Key-words: Psychosocial impact, Coronavirus infections, Patient isolation, Hospitalization

Resumen

Objetivo principal: Evaluar el sufrimiento psicosocial producido por el aislamiento en pacientes hospitalizados debido a la COVID-19. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en el que se evaluó el impacto psicosocial en las personas que ingresaron aisladas por COVID-19 en el Hospital Público de Monforte de Lemos a través de la escala ISOLA-15. Resultados principales: La dimensión más afectada fue la «relación con los demás», seguida de la «relación consigo mismo» y el «sufrimiento relacionado con el aislamiento». Un nivel de estudios bajo produjo un mayor impacto general en la escala. No tener compañero de habitación aumentó el «sufrimiento relacionado con el aislamiento» y vivir con más de una persona afectó a la «relación con los demás». Conclusión principal: Los participantes mostraron un impacto psicosocial medio-alto. Se detectan factores modificables para inducir beneficios en los pacientes y en el sistema sanitario.

Abstract

Objective: To assess the psychosocial suffering produced by isolation in hospitalized patients due to COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive prospective study using the ISOLA-15 scale was conducted to assess the psychosocial impact on COVID-19 patients that were isolated in the Public Hospital of Monforte de Lemos. Results: The most affected factor was the “relationship with others”, followed by the “relationship with oneself” and the “distress caused by isolation”. A lower level of education presented a greater overall impact on the scale. Not having a roommate increased the "isolation-related suffering" factor and living with more than one person affected the "relationship with others". No links were found in the “relationship with oneself” aspect. Conclusions: Participants showed a medium-high psychosocial impact. Easily modifiable factors to induce benefits in patients and in the health system have been detected.

Bibliografía

1. Salian VS, Wright JA, Vedell PT, Nair S, Li C, Kandimalla M, et al. Transmission, Current Treatment, and Future Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Pharm. 2021; 18(3):754-771. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00608
2. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA. 2020; 324(8): 782-793. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12839
3. Atzrodt CL, Maknojia I, McCarthy RDP, Oldfield TM, Po J, Ta KTL, et al. A Guide to COVID-19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Febs J. 2020; 287(17): 3633-3650. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15375
4. de Andrés-Gimeno B, Solís-Muñoz M, Revuelta-Zamorano M, Sánchez-Herrero H, Santano-Magariño A, Grupo de Cuidados COVID-19 HUPHM. Nursing care for hospitalized patients in COVID-19 units. Enferm Clin. 2021; 31: S49-S54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.016
5. Biagioli V, Piredda M, Mauroni MR, Alvaro R, De Marinis MG. The lived experience of patients in protective isolation during their hospital stay for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2016; 24: 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2016.09.001 6. Carrión Hernández LA, Hernández, Regueyra HG, García Pérez TT, Cales Nájera J, Velázquez Ávila KD et al. SARS-CoV-2. Apoyo en la salud mental frente a la Pandemia. Presencia. 2021; v17: e13187.7. Shaban RZ, Nahidi S, Sotomayor-Castillo C, Li L, Gilroy N, O'Sullivan MVN, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19: The lived experience and perceptions of patients in isolation and care in an Australian healthcare setting. Am J Infect Control. 2020; 48(12): 1445-1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.032
8. Glozier N, Tofler GH, Colquhoun DM, Bunker SJ, Clarke DM, Hare D, et al. Psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart dis-ease. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2013; 199(3): 179–180. http://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10440
9. Kotlęga D, Gołąb-Janowska M, Masztalewicz M, Ciećwież S, Nowacki P. The emotional stress and risk of ischemic stro-ke. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2016; 50(4): 265-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pjnns.2016.03.006
10. Duval F, González F, Rabia H. Neurobiología del estrés. Rev Chil Neuro-psiquiat. 2010; 48 (4): 307-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92272010000500006 
11. Tran K, Bell C, Stall N, Tomlinson G, McGeer A, Morris A, et al. The Effect of Hospital Isolation Precautions on Patient Out-comes and Cost of Care: A Multi-Site, Retrospective, Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2017; 32(3): 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3862-4
12. Hereng O, Dinh A, Salomon J, Davido B. Evaluation in general practice of the patient’s feelings about a recent hospitalization and isolation for a multidrug-resistant infection. American Journal of Infection Control. 2019; 47(9): 1077-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.03.018
13. Biagioli V, Piredda M, Annibali O, Tirindelli MC, Pignatelli A, Marchesi F, et al. Development and initial validation of a ques-tionnaire to assess patients' perception of protective isolation following haematopoietic stem cell transplantati-on. Eur J Cancer Care. 2019; 28(2): e12955. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12955
14. García Calavia P, Aguado Jiménez AC, Jáuregui Velázquez C, Gómez Duro A. Tipos de aislamiento en ambiente hospitala-rio. Ocronos. 2020; 3(1): 35.
15. Instituto Galego de Estatística [sede web]. Santiago de Compostela: Instituto Galego de estatística; 2020 [acceso 20 de junio de 2020]. Poboación segundo nacionalidade e sexo. ; Disponible en: https://www.ige.eu/igebdt/esqv.jsp?ruta=verTabla.jsp?OP=1&B=1&M=&COD=54&R=9915[12:2702:2709:2712];0[2020]&C=1[0];2[1]&F=&S=&SCF=
16. Biagioli V, Piredda M, Annibali O, Tirindelli MC, Pignatelli A, Marchesi F, et al. Factors influencing the perception of protec-tive isolation in patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A multicentre prospective study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2019;28(6):e13148. http://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13148
17. Hossain MM, Sultana A, Purohit N. Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: a systemat-ic umbrella review of the global evidence. Epidemiol Health. 2020; 42: e2020038. http://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020038
18. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
19. Denerel N, Şenışık S, Köyağasıoğlu O, Çiğdem S, Tunç S. Effects of Long-Duration Home Isolation Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health of Adolescent Athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2021; 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2020-0164
20. Sardiña-González C, López-Reboiro ML, Suárez-Fuentetaja R, Ares Castro-Conde B, Álvarez Asensio E, López Castro J. COVID 19 comprehensive management in a regional hospital of Northwestern Spain. Gac Med Mex. 2020; 156(4): 294-297. https://doi.org/10.24875/GMM.20000299
21. Becerra-Muñoz VM, Núñez-Gil IJ, Eid CM, García Aguado M, Romero R, Huang J, et al. Clinical profile and predictors of in-hospital mortality among older patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Age Ageing. 2021; 50(2):326-334. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa258
22. Casas-Rojo JM, Antón-Santos JM, Millán-Núñez-Cortés J, Lumbreras-Bermejo C, Ramos-Rincón JM, Roy-Vallejo E, et al. Características clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en España: resultados del Registro SEMI-COVID-19. Rev Clin Esp. 2020; 220(8): 480-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2020.07.003
23. Vahey GM, McDonald E, Marshall K, Martin SW, Chun H, Herlihy R et al. Risk factors for hospitalization among persons with COVID-19-Colorado. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(9): e0256917. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256917
24. Vincent A, Beck K, Becker C, Zumbrunn S, Ramin-Wright M, Urbena T et al. Psychological burden in patients with COVID-19 and their relatives 90 days after hospitalization: A prospective observational cohort study. Journal of Psychosomatic Re-search, 2021; 147 (110526). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110526
25. Biagioli V, Albanesi B, Belloni S, Piredda A, Caruso R. Living with cancer in the COVID-19 pandemic: An Italian survey on self-isolation at home. Eur J Cancer Care. 2021; 30(2): e13385. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13385
26. Biagioli V, Albanesi B, Belloni S, Piredda A, Caruso R. Bio-psychosocial study on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on depression and anxiety in a sample of 1753 French-speaking subjects. Encephale. 2021 Apr 1:S0013-7006(21)00086-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2021.03.002
27. Thomeer MB, Yahirun J, Colón-López A. How families matter for health inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Fam Theory Rev. 2020; 12: 448-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12398
28. Yakusheva O. Health Spillovers among Hospital Patients: Evidence from Roommate Assignments. American Journal of Health Economics. 2017; 3 (1): 76-107.
29. Ayuso-Mateos JL, Mediavilla R, Rodriguez KR, Bravo MF. Informing the response to COVID-19 in Spain: priorities for men-tal health research. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed). 2021 Apr-Jun;14(2):79-82. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.04.001
30. Martín-García T. Romulus and Remus or Just Neighbours? A Study of Demographic Changes and Social Dynamics in Italy and Spain. Population Review. 2013; 52(1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2013.0000

La otra cara de la pandemia: perspectiva psicosocial de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19

The other side of the pandemic: psychosocial perspective of patients hospitalized by COVID-19

Resumen

Abstract

Bibliografía