Competencia percibida en reanimación cardiopulmonar: papel de la formación y experiencia profesional en enfermeras españolas

María Plaza-Carmona; Carmen Juan García; Leticia Martínez González

María Plaza-Carmona Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-7215
Carmen Juan García Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4452-8769
Leticia Martínez González Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1535-6192

Palabras clave: Experiencia profesional, Enfermería, Formación, Competencia percibida, Parada cardiorrespiratoria

Key-words: CPR, Perceived competence, Nursing, Training, Professional experience

Resumen

La reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) es una intervención esencial en emergencias cardiovasculares, en la que la formación continua y la experiencia profesional influyen en la percepción de competencia del personal de enfermería. Analizar dicha percepción permite identificar áreas de mejora y diseñar estrategias formativas más efectivas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal entre marzo y mayo de 2024 con 196 enfermeros españoles en ejercicio activo. La muestra se obtuvo mediante muestreo en bola de nieve a través de redes sociales. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre percepción de conocimientos en RCP y se analizaron variables de experiencia laboral y género mediante estadísticas descriptivas, pruebas de chi cuadrado y ANOVA (p < 0,05). Las enfermeras con <5 años y con 11–15 años de experiencia reportaron las percepciones más altas en rapidez para iniciar la RCP (media = 4,96 y 4,95) y en identificación de pacientes no reanimables (media = 4,75 y 4,86). En cuanto al género, los hombres mostraron mayor percepción de rapidez (media = 5,00) y las mujeres, mayor percepción en identificación de pacientes no reanimables (media = 4,80), sin significación estadística. La única diferencia significativa se observó en la percepción de que la decisión de realizar RCP debe recaer exclusivamente en personal sanitario (p = 0,02), con mayor apoyo en profesionales con >20 años de experiencia. Aunque la percepción de competencia en RCP es globalmente positiva, no siempre se corresponde con los conocimientos objetivos descritos en la literatura. La formación continua con metodologías activas y simulación clínica es clave para mejorar la autoconfianza y garantizar la calidad asistencial.

Abstract

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an essential intervention in cardiovascular emergencies, where continuous training and professional experience influence the nursing staff's perception of competence. Analyzing this perception allows for the identification of areas for improvement and the design of more effective training strategies. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2024 with 196 actively practicing Spanish nurses. The sample was obtained through snowball sampling via social media. A questionnaire on perceived knowledge in CPR was administered, and variables of work experience and gender were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and ANOVA (p < 0.05). Nurses with less than 5 years and those with 11–15 years of experience reported the highest perceptions of speed in initiating CPR (mean = 4.96 and 4.95) and in identifying non-resuscitable patients (mean = 4.75 and 4.86). Regarding gender, men showed a higher perception of speed (mean = 5.00) while women showed a greater perception in identifying non-resuscitable patients (mean = 4.80), with no statistical significance. The only significant difference observed was in the perception that the decision to perform CPR should rest exclusively with healthcare personnel (p = 0.02), with more support from professionals with over 20 years of experience. Although the perception of competence in CPR is generally positive, it does not always align with the objective knowledge described in the literature. Continuous training using active methodologies and clinical simulation is key to enhancing self-confidence and ensuring quality care

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Competencia percibida en reanimación cardiopulmonar: papel de la formación y experiencia profesional en enfermeras españolas

Perceived competence in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the role of training and professional experience among Spanish nurses

Resumen

Abstract

Bibliografía