<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xml:lang="es" article-type="review-article" specific-use="sps-1.7" dtd-version="1.0" xmlns:xlink= "https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">index</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Index de Enfermer&#x00ED;a</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Index Enferm</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1132-1296</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1699-5988</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Fundaci&#x00F3;n Index</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Spain</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1132-1296-index-28-194</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>REVISIONES</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>El cuidado como un proceso de interacci&#x00F3;n y anticipaci&#x00F3;n humana</article-title>
<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
<trans-title>Care is a process of human interaction and anticipation</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Elizondo</surname>
<given-names>No&#x00E9; Ram&#x00ED;rez</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barboza</surname>
<given-names>Vivian V&#x00ED;lchez</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Derby Mu&#x00F1;oz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution content-type="original">Escuela de Enfermer&#x00ED;a, Universidad de Costa Rica. San Jos&#x00E9;, Costa Rica</institution>
<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="country">Costa Rica</named-content>
</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">
CORRESPONDENCIA: No&#x00E9; Ram&#x00ED;rez Elizondo <email>noe.ramirez@ucr.ac.cr</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>194</fpage>
<lpage>198</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>25</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Este es un articulo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<sec id="st1">
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>reescribir los significados asociados al cuidado sustentado en interacci&#x00F3;n humana y prevenci&#x00F3;n de alteraciones de la salud.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st2">
<title>Metodolog&#x00ED;a:</title>
<p>metas&#x00ED;ntesis generada a partir de la b&#x00FA;squeda en diversas bases de datos, durante el periodo 1970 a 2015. La informaci&#x00F3;n fue procesada a trav&#x00E9;s del Atlas ti 8.0.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st3">
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Se identific&#x00F3; 888 documentos, quedando una muestra de 62. Surgieron 39 c&#x00F3;digos, 7 categor&#x00ED;as y 2 variables: interacci&#x00F3;n y anticipaci&#x00F3;n. En la interacci&#x00F3;n la visi&#x00F3;n de cuidado es fundamental para establecer una conexi&#x00F3;n con las personas. Anticiparse implica establecer estrategias en conjunto con las personas para reducir las alteraciones de la salud de &#x00ED;ndole f&#x00ED;sica y emocional.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st4">
<title>Conclusi&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>se reconoce la interacci&#x00F3;n y la anticipaci&#x00F3;n como variables claves del cuidado desde una visi&#x00F3;n transformadora y humanista.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec id="st5">
<title>Aim:</title>
<p>to rewrite the meanings associated with care in human interaction and prevention of health alterations.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st6">
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>metasynthesis generated from the search in the databases, in the period 1970 to 2015. The data were processed using Atlas-ti 8.0.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st7">
<title>Results:</title>
<p>888 documents were identified, leaving a sample of 62; 39 codes, 7 categories and 2 variables: interaction and anticipation. In the interaction, the vision of care is fundamental to establish a connection with the persons. Anticipating involves establishing strategies in conjunction with the persons for reduce health alterations of a physical and emotional.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st8">
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>interaction and anticipation are recognized as key variables of care from a transformative and humanistic vision.</p>
</sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group>
<title>Palabras Clave</title>
<kwd>Atenci&#x00F3;n de Enfermer&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>Investigaci&#x00F3;n Metodol&#x00F3;gica en Enfermer&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>Relaciones Interpersonales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Key words</title>
<kwd>Nursing Care</kwd>
<kwd>Nursing Methodology Research</kwd>
<kwd>Interpersonal Relationship</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p><inline-graphic xlink:href="1132-1296-index-28-194-g001.tif"/></p>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introducci&#x00F3;n</title>
<p>El cuidado es necesario para asegurar la conservaci&#x00F3;n de la vida y mejorar las condiciones de los grupos sociales,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> favoreciendo el bienestar individual y colectivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Es una din&#x00E1;mica en la que se da un encuentro con la otra persona, en la que esta sea responsable del otro antes de ser consciente de su propia existencia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> y desde su neutralidad para trascender en la vida.</p>
<p>Es necesario reconocer la persona para potenciar los recursos con los que cuenta, bajo un concepto de cuidado centrado en procesos de interacci&#x00F3;n para la toma de decisiones sobre su propia salud.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Debe incluir la preocupaci&#x00F3;n y acompa&#x00F1;amiento, permitir a los dem&#x00E1;s reflexionar, evitar riesgos y construir estrategias de promoci&#x00F3;n propias y colectivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
<p>La interacci&#x00F3;n involucra sentimientos, emociones, intenciones y necesidades que constituyen elementos de inter&#x00E9;s natural,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> por lo que valorar el sentido y experiencia de cada individuo representa un acto &#x00E9;tico de validaci&#x00F3;n del otro en su naturaleza existencial. Es as&#x00ED; que el cuidado desde una conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n de interacci&#x00F3;n y anticipaci&#x00F3;n establece un acercamiento y un cambio paradigm&#x00E1;tico de la realidad asistencial y permite fortalecer la esencia humana en el cuidado. El objetivo del estudio fue reescribir los significados asociados al cuidado sustentado en interacci&#x00F3;n humana y prevenci&#x00F3;n de alteraciones de la salud.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Metodolog&#x00ED;a</title>
<p>Con el precedente del estudio de Ram&#x00ED;rez sobre el significado social del concepto cuidado en tres pa&#x00ED;ses de Latinoam&#x00E9;rica&#x201D;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> se da continuidad a los conceptos centrales por medio de una metas&#x00ED;ntesis utilizando el proceso de Sandelowski y Barroso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Se plante&#x00F3; las siguientes preguntas: &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo se ha abordado la interacci&#x00F3;n dentro del cuidado humano? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo se ha abordado la prevenci&#x00F3;n de alteraciones de la salud dentro del cuidado humano?<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n: art&#x00ED;culos indexados, publicados entre 1970 al 2015, escritos en castellano, ingl&#x00E9;s y portugu&#x00E9;s, criterios de dependencia, credibilidad y transferibilidad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
<p>Se identificaron 773 art&#x00ED;culos y 115 documentos de literatura gris, posteriormente se revis&#x00F3; el archivo en texto completo de 761 documentos, de los cuales 468 fueron excluidos, quedando un total de 293, a los cuales se les valor&#x00F3; la elegibilidad, lo que resulto en la exclusi&#x00F3;n de 231. Finalmente 62 conformaron la unidad hermen&#x00E9;utica (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">figura 1</xref>). De la muestra: 60 art&#x00ED;culos se encontraban en lengua inglesa y 2 en portuguesa.</p>
<fig id="F1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Diagrama de Flujo de la selecci&#x00F3;n de los art&#x00ED;culos</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1132-1296-index-28-194-g002.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis fue realizado en Atlas ti versi&#x00F3;n 8.0, lo que permiti&#x00F3; identificar, clasificar, y codificar los hallazgos, para explicar similitudes y diferencias. Se colocaron c&#x00F3;digos nominales, se crearon relaciones que los vincularon para la constituci&#x00F3;n de categor&#x00ED;as y variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Por medio de la codificaci&#x00F3;n abierta se identificaron 39 c&#x00F3;digos, los cuales se distribuyeron por enraizamiento y densidad.</p>
<p>Respecto a la codificaci&#x00F3;n axial, se establecieron las relaciones entre c&#x00F3;digos y su densidad, generando 7 categor&#x00ED;as: Visi&#x00F3;n de Cuidado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Ejercicio de Poder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> Disposici&#x00F3;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> Cuidado Responsable,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> Conexi&#x00F3;n,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> Acompa&#x00F1;amiento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> Anticipaci&#x00F3;n.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> Adem&#x00E1;s, dentro de la codificaci&#x00F3;n axial, las relaciones dadas entre categor&#x00ED;as conformaron las variables, que fueron el eje central de la metas&#x00ED;ntesis:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<p><italic>1) Variable Interacci&#x00F3;n</italic>, conformada por las categor&#x00ED;as: Acompa&#x00F1;amiento, Conexi&#x00F3;n, Cuidado Responsable, Disposici&#x00F3;n, Ejercicio del Poder y Visi&#x00F3;n de Cuidado.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p><italic>2) Variable Anticipaci&#x00F3;n:</italic> constituida por la categor&#x00ED;a Anticipaci&#x00F3;n, t&#x00E9;rmino que sustituy&#x00F3; el concepto inicial de prevenci&#x00F3;n (ver figuras <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>).</p>
</list-item>
</list>
<fig id="F2">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Proceso de Interacci&#x00F3;n en el cuidado humano</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1132-1296-index-28-194-g003.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="F3">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Proceso de Anticipaci&#x00F3;n en el cuidado humano</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1132-1296-index-28-194-g004.tif"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Con respecto a la variable Anticipaci&#x00F3;n, se conform&#x00F3; por categor&#x00ED;as que fueron nominadas tal y como se extrajo de los c&#x00F3;digos. Debido a que las densidades de cada una fueron de 1, es que la Anticipaci&#x00F3;n en sus relaciones cuenta con homogeneidad en las categor&#x00ED;as, lo que les ubica en el centro del Diagrama sin mayor peso una por sobre otra (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">figura 3</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discusi&#x00F3;n</title>
<p>Por la comparaci&#x00F3;n constante, la metas&#x00ED;ntesis por configuraci&#x00F3;n posibilit&#x00F3; levantar algunas hip&#x00F3;tesis interpretativas y explicativas del cuidado, que son agrupadas, en torno a los dos significados de s&#x00ED;ntesis (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">figura 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="F4">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Significados asociados al Cuidado</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1132-1296-index-28-194-g005.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Para ejercer el cuidado se requiere de &#x201C;interacci&#x00F3;n&#x201D;, que depende de la &#x201C;visi&#x00F3;n paradigm&#x00E1;tica&#x201D; que la enfermer&#x00ED;a utilice en el ejercicio de este y determina aspectos como la inclusi&#x00F3;n de la familia dentro del cuidado, o si se realiza de manera personalizada o estandarizada. Por ejemplo, la Teor&#x00ED;a de Swason considera a la familia clave dentro de la interacci&#x00F3;n, ya que indica la necesidad de comprender lo que significa para la persona y su familia el proceso que atraviesan, conocido como <italic>proceso de conocimiento</italic> y <italic>proceso de estar con</italic> que implica la complacencia de cuidado hacia ambos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></p>
<p>De esta manera, se distingue la existencia de una entrega de cuidado diferenciado seg&#x00FA;n la posici&#x00F3;n paradigm&#x00E1;tica del enfermero. Es decir, la visi&#x00F3;n categ&#x00F3;rica o particular-determin&#x00ED;stica focaliza el cuidado de una manera fragmentada y hacia los problemas o d&#x00E9;ficit del individuo; la visi&#x00F3;n de integraci&#x00F3;n o integrativa-interactiva define el cuidado seg&#x00FA;n las necesidades no satisfechas, y el mantenimiento del estado de salud en las dimensiones f&#x00ED;sica, mental y social; y la visi&#x00F3;n transformadora dirige el cuidado hacia el bienestar y le otorga una conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n subjetiva, seg&#x00FA;n con el significado que le confiera cada persona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> Se insta actualmente a que la enfermer&#x00ED;a desarrolle su objeto de estudio alejado de la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> y realice un cuidado profesional y transformador, lo que le conceder&#x00E1; autonom&#x00ED;a y el desarrollo de un cuerpo de conocimientos propio, con el prop&#x00F3;sito de entregar cuidado &#x00FA;nico con calidad, eficiencia y eficacia a las personas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></p>
<p>Lo anterior va ligado con el ejercicio del &#x201C;poder&#x201D;, que puede potenciarlo cuando se practica desde el respeto, el empoderamiento y la seguridad. Pero parad&#x00F3;jicamente el poder tambi&#x00E9;n tiene la capacidad de ausentar el cuidado si se ejerce desde la represi&#x00F3;n y el castigo, entendi&#x00E9;ndose como el colocarse por encima de los dem&#x00E1;s, dominar, estar o llegar primero, donde no hay cabida para dos porque predomina uno sobre el otro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> Esto coincide con la literatura, donde el cuidado no tiene relaci&#x00F3;n alguna con la dominaci&#x00F3;n, ya que est&#x00E1; &#x00ED;ntimamente vinculado con el respeto por el otro, que se expresa por medio de actos y actitudes conscientes, intencionadas, trascendentes y libres, que movilizan a la persona a potenciar su autonom&#x00ED;a, desde la bondad, la compasi&#x00F3;n y el amor, resguardando la dignidad humana;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> expresado en una relaci&#x00F3;n enfermero-persona intersubjetiva en un plano horizontal, con la meta de mejorar coactivamente la situaci&#x00F3;n de salud, la enfermera en su rol de cuidadora y la persona como receptora del cuidado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></p>
<p>Asimismo, se denota la &#x201C;disposici&#x00F3;n&#x201D; como parte de la interacci&#x00F3;n en el cuidado, manifestada por la paciencia, el amor, la amistad, la empat&#x00ED;a, el humor, la compasi&#x00F3;n, el inter&#x00E9;s por el otro, y la dedicaci&#x00F3;n de tiempo. En congruencia con lo mencionado, la Joint Commission International establece como prioridades del cuidado, aumentar su calidad y la seguridad de este, aspectos como: las competencias, el altruismo, la responsabilidad y la empat&#x00ED;a, como caracter&#x00ED;sticas fundamentales que se deben poseer para lograr mejores relaciones interpersonales entre la enfermera y la persona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></p>
<p>Es importante en esta categor&#x00ED;a destacar la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n de cuidado humano amoroso, concebido como una relaci&#x00F3;n intersubjetiva y rec&#x00ED;proca entre la enfermera y la persona, manifestada con la preocupaci&#x00F3;n e inter&#x00E9;s hacia la necesidad humana que se est&#x00E9; trabajando desde el plan de cuidados, el respeto a la dignidad, la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la situaci&#x00F3;n de salud y el asumir el cuidado con responsabilidad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></p>
<p>Otra categor&#x00ED;a que surge dentro de la interacci&#x00F3;n es el &#x201C;cuidado responsable&#x201D;, entendido como un cuidar &#x00E9;tico, donde se incluye la honestidad del enfermero. Otros estudios han encontrado que la necesidad de priorizar la atenci&#x00F3;n basada en el deseo de satisfacer hol&#x00ED;sticamente todas las necesidades de las personas usuarias, aunque aspectos como la limitaci&#x00F3;n de los recursos y del entorno, hacen que la enfermera enfrente dificultades para cumplir sus roles &#x00E9;ticos al tiempo que equilibra las necesidades de cada persona con las demandas de su organizaci&#x00F3;n. Para hacer frente a este contexto, se desarrollan est&#x00E1;ndares de atenci&#x00F3;n mediante el uso de su juicio cl&#x00ED;nico para priorizar las necesidades y las intervenciones de enfermer&#x00ED;a. Este juicio se ve influido por el estado cl&#x00ED;nico, las relaciones interpersonales, las necesidades sociales y las emocionales que se generan en las personas. Esto refuerza la importancia de incluir cursos de &#x00E9;tica en todos los niveles de la educaci&#x00F3;n de enfermer&#x00ED;a para identificar y articular los valores y principios &#x00E9;ticos que deber&#x00ED;an respaldar sus decisiones de priorizaci&#x00F3;n-como-raciona-miento del cuidado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></p>
<p>La conexi&#x00F3;n es otra categor&#x00ED;a que forma parte de la interacci&#x00F3;n, e involucra el contacto, la compa&#x00F1;&#x00ED;a, la compresi&#x00F3;n, el conocimiento de s&#x00ED; mismo, la verdadera presencia, la cercan&#x00ED;a y el arte. Desde el paradigma <italic>Humanbecoming</italic> se ha conceptualizado la verdadera presencia como una especial manera de ser, donde se manifiesta una enfermer&#x00ED;a totalmente atenta al significado de los cambios que presenta la persona usuaria, para poder contribuir a la reorganizaci&#x00F3;n de sus valores prioritarios para la toma de decisiones a favor de la salud y la calidad de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> Similarmente, desde el cuidado transpersonal se considera un factor caritativo de cuidados denominado: &#x201C;la aceptaci&#x00F3;n de expresiones de sentimientos positivos y negativos&#x201D;, el estar aut&#x00E9;nticamente presente en las relaciones interpersonales que establece la enfermera con la persona, de manera que se constituya en un apoyo para la expresi&#x00F3;n de sentimientos y se conecte con la espiritualidad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, el &#x201C;acompa&#x00F1;amiento&#x201D; forma parte de la interacci&#x00F3;n, el cual integra los acuerdos, el asesoramiento, el soporte, la escucha y la comunicaci&#x00F3;n. La complejidad estructural del cuidado de enfermer&#x00ED;a surge a partir del trabajo con seres humanos, ya que exige comunicaci&#x00F3;n y una relaci&#x00F3;n rec&#x00ED;proca entre la enfermera y la persona usuaria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></p>
<p>Existe conceso en cuanto a la relaci&#x00F3;n interpersonal como parte esencial del cuidado, pues sin ella es imposible desarrollar una relaci&#x00F3;n terap&#x00E9;utica y es por esta raz&#x00F3;n que surgen las teor&#x00ED;as de la interacci&#x00F3;n, las cuales destacan en su definici&#x00F3;n de enfermer&#x00ED;a la importancia de la comunicaci&#x00F3;n y la escucha para la resoluci&#x00F3;n de necesidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Entre ellas se encuentran: a) Teor&#x00ED;a de las relaciones interpersonales de Hildegard Peplau, que enfatiza en la relaci&#x00F3;n enfermera-persona para potenciar un desarrollo interpersonal terap&#x00E9;utico;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> b) Teor&#x00ED;a del proceso de enfermer&#x00ED;a de Ida Pelletier, que se centra en el contacto inmediato y la relaci&#x00F3;n rec&#x00ED;proca entre la enfermera y la persona;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> c) Modelo de relaciones entre seres humanos de Joyce Travelbee, que se basa en la relaci&#x00F3;n humana terap&#x00E9;utica entre la enfermera y la persona, enfatiza en la empat&#x00ED;a, la compenetraci&#x00F3;n y los aspectos emocionales, para prevenir o afrontar la experiencia de la enfermedad y darle sentido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> y d) Teor&#x00ED;a intermedia de la consecuci&#x00F3;n de objetivos, que focaliza en el sistema interpersonal y las relaciones enfermera-persona, donde se obtiene informaci&#x00F3;n y se pactan objetivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></p>
<p>La &#x201C;anticipaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; incluye prevenir como: anticiparse, evitar, dar seguimiento e interconectarse. La Teor&#x00ED;a de Swason menciona que el proceso de <italic>hacer para</italic> implica que la enfermera se anticipe a las necesidades de la persona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> Anticipaci&#x00F3;n va relacionada con el desplazamiento de la atenci&#x00F3;n hospitalaria a la comunitaria, pasando a cuidar a las personas de manera hol&#x00ED;stica;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> donde se fortalezca la humanidad de quienes cuida, se apropie de los conocimientos cient&#x00ED;ficos para integrar lo f&#x00ED;sico, lo psicol&#x00F3;gico y lo social, y aplique teor&#x00ED;as y modelos, seg&#x00FA;n los requerimientos individuales.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></p>
<p>Como conclusi&#x00F3;n, en la interacci&#x00F3;n es fundamental que el enfermero logre establecer una conexi&#x00F3;n con la persona para poder asesorarle y ejercer un cuidado responsable. Adem&#x00E1;s las personas esperan que nos anticipemos para evitar alteraciones f&#x00ED;sicas y emocionales. Ambos t&#x00E9;rminos y sus componentes constituyen un marco conceptual para abordar el cuidado humanizado.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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