Cuidar personas con dolor e insuficiencia cardíaca desde la teoría de adaptación a condiciones crónicas de salud

Luz Omaira Gómez Tovar; Rosa Lisset Salazar Herrán; Ángela María Henao Castaño

Luz Omaira Gómez Tovar Universidad Surcolombiana (Neiva, Colombia)
Rosa Lisset Salazar Herrán Universidad Surcolombiana (Neiva, Colombia)
Ángela María Henao Castaño Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Colombia)

Palabras clave: Dolor, Insuficiencia cardíaca, Atención de enfermería, Teoría de enfermería

Key-words: Pain, Heart failure, Nursing care, Nursing theory

Palavras chave: Dor, Insuficiência cardíaca, Cuidados de enfermagem, Teoria de enfermagem

Resumen

Introducción: cerca de 85 % de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca reportan dolor, esto genera preocupación debido a que, según tipología del dolor, esta experiencia puede afectar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Objetivo: diseñar una estrategia de cuidados de enfermería basada en la teoría de adaptación a condiciones crónicas de la salud de Callista Roy, para reducir la experiencia de dolor en personas con insuficiencia cardíaca. Metodología: se elaboró la estructura conceptual teórico empírica (CTE) de la teoría de mediano rango seleccionada, para consolidar los conceptos y proposiciones que generaron los componentes o dominios de la estrategia. Posteriormente, para construir los cuidados de la estrategia se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura con búsqueda en las bases de datos: ScienceDirect, Scopus y Medline, con los términos “pain”, “heart failure” y “nursing care”, y se organizó la evidencia según los dominios emergidos del CTE para este fenómeno. Resultados: se diseñó una estrategia con cuidados que abordan los dominios: 1) fisiológico, con valoración del síntoma, ejercicio, control de peso y sitios dolorosos; 2) autoconcepto y rol con reducción de ansiedad, estrés, depresión, entrenamiento en cambio de pensamientos, actitudes y comportamientos; y 3) de interdependencia mediante compartir experiencias de autocuidado, apoyo espiritual y diarios de salud. Conclusión: la evidencia y el conocimiento teórico de enfermería aportan múltiples cuidados que pueden aplicarse en los pacientes con dolor e insuficiencia cardíaca, para reducir dicha experiencia a través de cuidados enfocados en confort, estimulación cognitiva y apoyo familiar, social y espiritual

Abstract

Introduction: About 85 % of patients with heart failure report pain. This pathology can affect the quality of life of patients and their caregivers because it causes pain and limits the physical functionality of patients. Objective: Develop a nursing care strategy to reduce pain in patients with heart failure, based on middle range theory of Callista Roy (Adaptation to chronic health conditions theory). Methodology: Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical (C-T-E) structure of the selected medium-range theory was elaborated to consolidate the concepts and propositions that provided the components or domains and of the strategy. Subsequently, to construct the interventions of the strategy, a systematic review of literature was carried out in the following databases: ScienceDirect, Scopus and Medline, with the terms "pain", "heart failure" and "nursing care". The evidence was organized according to the components emerging from the CTE for this phenomenon. Results: Evidence and theoretical concepts show various interventions applicable in patients with heart failure. These interventions address the following domains: 1) physiological, with symptom assessment, exercise, weight control, and painful sites; 2) self-concept and role with reduction of anxiety, stress, depression, training to change thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors; and 3) interdependence, with sharing experiences of self-care, spiritual support and health journals, among others. Conclusion: Evidence and theoretical nursing knowledge provide multiple interventions that can be applied in patients with heart failure to reduce the experience of pain

Resumo

Introdução: cerca de 85 % dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca relatam dor, o que suscita preocupação considerando que dependendo do tipo de dor, essa experiência pode afetar a qualidade de vida do paciente e de seus cuidadores. Objetivo: desenvolver uma estratégia de cuidado de enfermagem baseada em na teoria de adaptação às condições crônicas de saúde de Callista Roy, para reduzir a experiência de dor em pessoas com insuficiência cardíaca. Metodologia: a estrutura conceitual teórica empírica (CTE) da teoria de médio alcance selecionada foi elaborada para consolidar os conceitos e proposições que forneceram os componentes ou domínios para a estratégia. Posteriormente, para construir as intervenções da estratégia, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura com uma pesquisa nas seguintes bases de dados: ScienceDirect, Scopus e Medline, com os termos "pain", "heart failure" e "nursing care", e as evidências foram organizadas de acordo com os dominios emergentes do CTE para este fenômeno. Resultados: foi elaborada uma estratégia com intervenções que abordam os seguintes domínios: 1) fisiológico, com avaliação dos sintomas, exercícios, controle de peso e locais dolorosos; 2) autoconceito e papel com redução da ansiedade, estresse, depressão, treinamento para mudar pensamentos, atitudes e comportamentos; e 3) interdependência, com o compartilhamento de experiências de autocuidado, apoio espiritual e diários de saúde, entre outros. Conclusão: As evidências e o conhecimento teórico de enfermagem fornecem múltiplas intervenções que podem ser aplicadas em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca para reduzir a experiência de dor, principalmente por meio de cuidados voltados para o conforto, estimulação cognitiva e suporte familiar, social e espiritual

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Cuidar personas con dolor e insuficiencia cardíaca desde la teoría de adaptación a condiciones crónicas de salud

Caring People with Pain and Heart Failure, from theory of Adapting to Chronic Health Conditions

Cuidar de pessoas com dor e insuficiência cardíaca, da teoria da adaptação às condições crônicas de saúde

Resumen

Abstract

Resumo

Bibliografía