Influencia cultural en prácticas de lactancia materna

Sergio Orellana Morales; Andrea Postigo Pelayo; Ana Pérez Rosado; Lidia Priego Salas

Sergio Orellana Morales Graduado en Enfermería de la Universidad de Málaga (Málaga, España)
Andrea Postigo Pelayo Graduada en Enfermería de la Universidad de Málaga (Málaga, España)
Ana Pérez Rosado Graduada en Enfermería
Lidia Priego Salas Graduada en Enfermería

Palabras clave: Lactancia materna, Lactancia materna complementaria, Países en desarrollo, Promoción de salud alimentaria y nutricional

Resumen

Justificación: La lactancia materna es de suma importancia para la salud de los niños y las niñas. Actualmente menos del 50% de los lactantes reciben lactancia materna exclusiva. Existen barreras físicas, culturales y emocionales que dificultan esta práctica y comprender las diferencias culturales es esencial para promover la lactancia.
Material y método: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura sobre las diferencias culturales en lactancia materna, utilizando PUBMED y WOS como bases de datos, de la cuales se obtuvieron 21 estudios de calidad. Los estudios seleccionados fueron de tipo cualitativo, observacional y de revisión, publicados a partir de 2020. No se excluyeron estudios según la cultura, pero se incluyeron únicamente mujeres sanas y bebés lactantes de cualquier edad.
Resultados: Las prácticas de lactancia materna se vieron influidas por la cultura y el entorno socioeconómico de cada país. Existieron factores positivos que influyen en esta práctica y negativos. Los profesionales sanitarios y la instauración de políticas que apoyen esta práctica eran fundamentales para el fomento de la misma. Por otro lado, los ingresos y el nivel educativo incidieron en la duración y exclusividad de la lactancia.
Conclusión: La lactancia materna se ve influenciada por diferentes aspectos culturales, así como por políticas y programas de promoción. El papel del profesional sanitario resulta ser de suma importancia y el nivel del desarrollo de cada país incide significativamente en las decisiones de lactancia materna

Abstract

Justification: Breastfeeding is of paramount importance for children´s health. Currently, less than 50% of infants receive exclusive breastfeeding. There are physical, cultural, and emotional barriers that hinder this practice, and understanding cultural differences is essential to promote breastfeeding.
Material and method: A literature review was conducted on cultural differences in breastfeeding, using PUBMED and WOS as databases, from which 21 high-quality studies were obtained. The selected studies were qualitative, observational and review studies, published from 2020 onwards. Studies were not excluded based on culture, but only healthy women and breastfeeding infants of any age were included.
Results: Breastfeeding practices were influenced by the culture and socioeconomic environment of each country. There were positive factors influencing this practice and negative factors. Healthcare professionals and the implementation of policies supporting this practice were essential for its promotion. Additionally, income and educational level influenced the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding.
Conclusion: Breastfeeding is influenced by different cultural aspects, as well as by promotion policies and programs. The role of healthcare professionals proves to be of paramount importance, and the level of development of each country significantly impacts breastfeeding practices

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