Realidad virtual para disminuir el dolor de la flebotomía en niños

Jesús Sánchez-Lozano; Sandra Martínez-Pizarro

Jesús Sánchez-Lozano Departamento de fisioterapia, Centro de fisioterapia, Policlínica Baza (Baza, Granada, España) https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7595-5733
Sandra Martínez-Pizarro Departamento de enfermería, Centro de salud de Baza (Baza, Granada, España) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3070-8299

Palabras clave: Dolor, Flebotomía, Niños, Realidad Virtual, Venopunción

Resumen

Introducción: La flebotomía consiste en puncionar una vena para extraer sangre. Es uno de los procedimientos más comunes que produce dolor, miedo y ansiedad en la población pediátrica. Desatender la prevención de dicho dolor puede generar efectos perjudiciales a nivel psicológico. Recientemente se ha propuesto el uso de la realidad virtual en estos pacientes. La realidad virtual crea un entorno simulado interactivo tridimensional, cuyo objetivo es distraer a los pacientes.
Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sobre la capacidad de la realidad virtual para disminuir el dolor de la flebotomía en niños.
Método: Se realizó una revisión siguiendo la normativa PRISMA. Se consultaron las bases de datos de PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO, y WOS.
Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 156 estudios de todas las bases de datos. Tras rechazar duplicados y aquellos que no cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión quedaron 7 ensayos clínicos con una muestra de 913 niños. El periodo de publicación abarcó desde el año 2019 hasta el año 2024. El dolor se evaluó en todos los estudios utilizando diversas escalas: la Escala Visual Analógica, y la Escala de calificación del dolor de las caras de Wong-Baker.
Conclusiones: La realidad virtual es eficaz para reducir el dolor de la flebotomía por punción venosa en la población pediátrica. Esta terapia además de reducir el dolor también reduce el miedo y la ansiedad relacionados con los procedimientos de extracción de sangre y aumenta la satisfacción de sus familias

Abstract

Introduction: Phlebotomy consists of puncturing a vein to extract blood. It is one of the most common procedures that causes pain, fear, and anxiety in the pediatric population. Neglecting to prevent this pain can generate harmful effects on a psychological level. The use of virtual reality in these patients has recently been proposed. Virtual reality creates a three-dimensional interactive simulated environment, which aims to distract patients.
Objective: To conduct a review on the ability of virtual reality to reduce the pain of phlebotomy in children.
Method: A review was carried out following the PRISMA regulations. The databases of PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO, and WOS were consulted.
Results: A total of 156 studies were obtained from all databases. After rejecting duplicates and those that did not meet the inclusion criteria, there were 7 clinical trials with a sample of 913 children. The publication period spanned from 2019 to 2024. Pain was assessed in all studies using various scales: the Visual Analogue Scale, and the Wong-Baker Face Pain Rating Scale.
Conclusions: Virtual reality is effective in reducing the pain of venipuncture phlebotomy in the pediatric population. This therapy, in addition to reducing pain, also reduces fear and anxiety related to blood collection procedures and increases the satisfaction of their families

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