Marco conceptual asociado a la identidad e imagen profesional de enfermería en Chile: Perspectiva de enfermeras jubiladas

Edgardo Álvarez Muñoz; Maximiliano Aravena-Nuñez; Hildegart González-Luis; Maggie Campillay-Campillay; Edith Rivas-Riveros

Edgardo Álvarez Muñoz Escuela de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián. Concepción, Chile
Maximiliano Aravena-Nuñez Escuela de Enfermería, Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile
Hildegart González-Luis Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Navarra, España
Maggie Campillay-Campillay Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Atacama, Chile
Edith Rivas-Riveros Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Palabras clave: Enfermería, Identificación social, Investigación cualitativa, Identidad profesional, Teoría fundamentada

Key-words: Nursing, Social identification, Qualitative research, Professional identity, Grounded theory

Palavras chave: Enfermagem, Identificação social, Pesquisa qualitativa, Identidade profissional, Teoria fundamentada

Resumen

Introducción: La identidad e imagen de las enfermeras son conceptos interrelacionados que reflejan el sentido de uno mismo y las percepciones sociales sobre la profesión. Ambos son esenciales para el desarrollo de una práctica confiada y respetada. Objetivo: Develar el marco conceptual asociado a la imagen e identidad profesional de enfermería desde la perspectiva de enfermeras jubiladas. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cualitativo basado en el paradigma constructivista y Teoría Fundamentada según Morse, que explora la identidad e imagen profesional de enfermería en Chile mediante entrevistas y grupos focales con enfermeras jubiladas. Para el análisis de los datos, se siguió la metodología propuesta por Charmaz. Sobre el rigor ético del estudio, se contó con la evaluación y aprobación de un Comité de Ética Científica independiente. Resultados: Participaron de este estudio 20 enfermeras jubiladas con una edad promedio de 74 años. Se establecieron 4 categorías que construyen la imagen social de las enfermeras y 3 categorías que construyen su identidad profesional. Discusión: Han disminuido estereotipos como la feminización de la enfermería y su subordinación a la medicina, ampliamente descritos en la literatura, siendo la pandemia por COVID-19 un evento que, según las participantes, mejoró la percepción pública de la profesión, tal como refieren otros estudios. Las participantes se ven como líderes naturales, pero señalan deshumanización debido al agotamiento, tareas administrativas y los avances tecnológicos. Conclusiones: Resaltar una imagen auténtica y una identidad profesional coherente de la profesión fortalece su valor, estatus y reconocimiento social, lo que, a su vez, impacta positivamente en la calidad de los cuidados prestados a los pacientes

Abstract

ntroduction: Nurses’ identity and image are interrelated concepts that reflect the sense of self and social perceptions about the profession. Both are essential to the development of a confident and respected practice. Objective: To unveil the conceptual framework associated with the professional image and identity of nursing from the perspective of retired nurses. Materials and methods: Qualitative study based on the constructivist paradigm and Grounded Theory according to Morse, which explores the professional identity and image of nursing in Chile through interviews and focus groups with retired nurses. For data analysis, the methodology proposed by Charmaz was followed. The ethical rigor of the study was evaluated and approved by an independent Scientific Ethics Committee. Results: Twenty retired nurses with an average age of 74 years participated in this study. Four categories that construct the social image of nurses and three categories that construct their professional identity were established. Discussion: Stereotypes such as the feminization of nursing and its subordination to medicine, widely described in the literature, have diminished, with the COVID-19 pandemic being an event that, according to the participants, improved public perception of the profession, as other studies have reported. Participants see themselves as natural leaders, but note dehumanization due to burnout, administrative tasks, and technological advances. Conclusions: Highlighting an authentic image and coherent professional identity of the profession strengthens its value, status and social recognition, which in turn, positively impacts the quality of care provided to patients

Resumo

Introdução: A identidade e a imagem dos enfermeiros são conceitos inter-relacionados que reflectem o sentido do eu e as percepções sociais da profissão. Ambos são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de uma prática confiante e respeitada. Objetivo: Desvendar o quadro concetual associado à imagem e identidade profissional de enfermagem na perspetiva de enfermeiros reformados. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo qualitativo baseado no paradigma construtivista e na Grounded Theory segundo Morse, que explora a identidade profissional e a imagem da enfermagem no Chile a través de entrevistas e grupos focais com enfermeiras reformadas. Para a análise dos dados, seguiu-se a metodologia proposta por Charmaz. O rigor ético do estudo foi avaliado e aprovado por uma Comissão Científica de Ética independente. Resultados: Participaram neste estudo 20 enfermeiros reformados com uma média de idades de 74 anos. Foram estabelecidas quatro categorias que constroem a imagem social dos enfermeiros e três categorias que constroem a sua identidade profissional. Discussão: Estereótipos como a feminização da enfermagem e a sua subordinação à medicina, amplamente descritos na literatura, diminuíram, sendo a pandemia de COVID-19 um evento que, segundo os participantes, melhorou a perceção pública da profissão, tal como relatado noutros estudos. Os participantes vêem-se como líderes naturais, mas apontam a desumanização devido ao esgotamento, às tarefas administrativas e aos avanços tecnológicos. Conclusões: O destaque de uma imagem autêntica e de uma identidade profissional coerente da profissão reforça o seu valor, estatuto e reconhecimento social, o que, por sua vez, tem um impacto positivo na qualidade dos cuidados prestados aos doentes

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Marco conceptual asociado a la identidad e imagen profesional de enfermería en Chile: Perspectiva de enfermeras jubiladas

Conceptual Framework Associated with the Identity and Professional Image of Nursing in Chile: Perspective of Retired Nurses

Estrutura conceitual associada à identidade de enfermagem e à imagem profissional no Chile: perspectiva de enfermeiras aposentadas

Resumen

Abstract

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Bibliografía