Bullying o intimidación escolar: aportes desde la evidencia de investigación en enfermería

Karol Johanna Briñez Ariza; Clara Virginia Caro Castillo

Karol Johanna Briñez Ariza Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Colombia)
Clara Virginia Caro Castillo Facultad de Enfermería. Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Colombia)

Palabras clave: Bullying, Salud escolar, Enfermería basada en la evidencia, Investigación en enfermería, Enfermería

Key-words: Bullying, Health, School, Nursing based on evidence, Nursing research, Nursing

Palavras chave: Intimidação, Saúde escolar, Enfermagem baseada em evidências, Pesquisa de enfermagem, Enfermagem

Resumen

Objetivo: analizar aspectos teóricos y metodológicos relevantes desde la evidencia científica en enfermería relacionada con la intimidación escolar. Metodo: revisión integrativa de la literatura de estudios de enfermería en ocho bases de datos: PubMed, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Ovid nursing, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Redalyc y Embase, con las palabras clave: bullying, nursing, child school bullying, peer aggression, adolescent y límite de tiempo entre 2004 a 2016. Se encontraron 30 estudios de los cuales se eligieron 19 estudios que cumplieron los criterios de selección. El análisis se desarrolló en seis etapas: búsqueda de estudios, selección, crítica de estudios cualitativos y cuantitativos, comparación de hallazgos/agrupación por temas, interpretación, conclusiones por niveles de evidencia de enfermería. Resultados: se identificaron cuatro temas prevalentes: consecuencias en la salud, causas, intervenciones de enfermería y afrontamiento. El principal aporte en la temática desde la evidencia de investigación en enfermería permitio identificar desarrollos investigativos tanto en el paradigma cualitativo y cuantitativo, diferentes abordajes metodológicos en los niveles de evidencia VII, VI, V, IV, III. Conclusiones: se requieren políticas de salud que intervengan em la prevención del fenómeno, conocer las causas y consecuencias relacionadas, además deben diseñarse estrategias de identificación de los escolares en riesgo para evitar consecuencias en su salud, igualmente generar estudios de intervención y apoyar los procesos de afrontamiento en escolares que reciben burla o son intimidados

Abstract

Objective: to analyze relevant theoretical and methodological aspects from the scientific evidence in nursing related to school bullying. Method: Integrative review of nursing studies’ literature in eight databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Ovid nursing, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Redalyc and Embase, with the keywords: bullying, nursing, child school bullying, peer aggression, adolescent and time span from 2004 to 2016. There were 30 studies of which 19 that met the selection criteria were selected. The analysis was developed in six stages: search of studies, selection, and criticism of qualitative and quantitative studies, comparison of findings/grouping by themes, interpretation, conclusions by levels of nursing evidence. Results: Four prevalent themes were identified: consequences in health, causes, nursing interventions and coping. The main contribution in the theme from the evidence of research in nursing allowed to identify research developments in both the qualitative and quantitative paradigm, different methodological approaches in the levels of evidence VII, VI, V, IV, III. Conclusions: health policies that intervene in preventing the phenomenon, know the causes and related consequences are needed; in addition, strategies for identifying schoolchildren at risk should be designed to avoid consequences to their health, also generate intervention studies and support coping processes for schoolchildren who are mocked or bullied

Resumo

Objetivo: analisar aspectos teóricos e metodológicos relevantes a partir das evidências científicas em enfermagem relacionadas ao bullying escolar. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura de estudos de enfermagem em oito bases de dados: PubMed, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Ovid Enfermagem, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Redalyc, e Embase com palavras-chave: assédio moral, enfermagem, bullying escolar infantil, agressão entre pares, adolescentes; limite de tempo de 2004 a 2016. Trinta estudos foram encontrados; sendo que 19 estudos preencheram os critérios de seleção. A análise foi desenvolvida em seis etapas: busca dos estudos, seleção, reflexão crítica de estudos qualitativos e quantitativos, a comparação dos resultados-agrupamento por assunto, interpretação, conclusões por níveis de evidência em enfermagem. Resultados: foram identificados quatro temas prevalentes: consequências para a saúde, causas, intervenções de enfermagem e enfrentamento. A principal contribuição no tema permitiu identificar desenvolvimento investigativo tanto no paradigma qualitativo e quantitativo, diferentes abordagens metodológicas em níveis de evidência VII, VI, V, IV, III. Conclusão: as políticas de saúde que envolvem a prevenção do fenômeno são necessários, as causas e consequências relacionadas e estratégias devem ser projetados para identificar as escolas em risco, visando evitar consequências para a saúde, bem como gerar estudos de intervenção e apoiar processos de enfrentamento em crianças em idade escolar que são provocadas ou intimidadas

Bibliografía

1. Srabstein J, Leventhal B. Prevention of bullying-related morbidity and mortality: a call for public health policies. Bull World Health Organ [Internet]. 2010 [cited2014 Mar 26]; 88(6):403. Available from: http:// www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/6/10-077123. pdf
2. Hertz D, Donato I WJ. Bullying and suicide: a public health approach. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Mar 26]; 53(1):S1-S3. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S1054139X1300270X
3. Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R, editors. World report on violence and health. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2002.
4. Jacobson G, Riesch SK, Temkin BM, Kedrowski KM, Kluba N. Students feeling unsafe in school: fifth graders’ experiences. J Sch Nurs [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Mar 26]; 27(2):149-59. Available from: http://jsn. sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1059840510386612
5. Grove SK, Burns N, Gray J. Investigación en enfermería: desarrollo de la práctica enfermera basada en la evidencia. Barcelona (ES): Elsevier; 2016.
6. Burns N, Grove S. Investigación en enfermerìa. 5 ed. Barcelona (ES): Elsevier España S.L.; 2012.
7. Lopez R, Amaral A, Ferreira J, Barroso T. Fatores implicados no fenómeno de bullying em contexto escolar: revisão integrada da literatura. Rev Enf Referência [Internet]. 2011 [cited2017 Mar 2]; Ser III(5):153-62. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.12707/RIII1169
8. Vessey JA, O’Neill KM. Helping students with disabilities better address teasing and bullying situations: a MASNRN study. J Sch Nurs [Internet]. 2011 [cited2014 Jun 18]; 27(2):139-48. Available from: http://jsn.sagepub.com/cgi/ doi/10.1177/1059840510386490
9. Horowitz JA, Vessey JA, Carlson KL, Bradley JF, Montoya C, McCullough B, et al. Teasing and bullying experiences of middle school students. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [Internet]. 2004 [cited2017 Jan 16]; 10(4):165-72. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1177/1078390304267862
10. Gomes M. Examining the coping response to peer relational aggression victimization. Nurs Res Pract [Internet]. 2011 [cited2014 Apr 28]; 2011:473980. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1155/2011/473980
11. Willis D, Griffith C. Healing patterns revealed in middle school boys’ experiences of being bullied using Roger’s Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB). J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Mar 26];23(3):125-32. Available from: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00234.x
12. Kvarme L, Eboh W, van der Teijlingen E, Love J. Use of solution focused brief therapy in bullying. Br J Sch Nurs [Internet]. 2008 [cited2017 Mar 2];3(7):346- 8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12968/ bjsn.2008.3.7.31721
13. Kvarme L, Monsen K, Eboh W. Evidence-based solution-focused care for school-age children experiencing cyberbullying. J Psychosoc Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Aug 10];52(3):31-41. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/24200914
14. Bowllan NM. Implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive, school-wide bullying prevention program in an urban/suburban middle school. J Sch Health [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Mar 26];81(4):167- 73. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ j.1746-1561.2010.00576.x
15. Silva JL, Oliveira WA, Braga IF, Farias MS, Silva Lizzi EA, Gonçalves MF, etal. The effects of a skill-based intervention for victims of bullying in Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Aug 10]; 13(12):1042. Available from: https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph13111042
16. Gomes MM, Davis BL, Baker SR, Servonsky EJ. Correlation of the experience of peer relational aggression victimization and depression among african american adolescent females. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2018 Sep 5]; 22(4):175-81. Available from: http://doi.wiley. com/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2009.00196.x
17. Karatas H, Ozturk C. Relationship Between Bullying and Health Problems in Primary School Children. Asian Nurs Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Sep 5];5(2):81-7. Available from: http://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1976131711600169
18. Pasten L, Lobos P, Mosqueda A. Comportamiento agresivo en varones de 10 a 12 años, pertenecientes a colegios de Valparaíso. Cienc Enferm [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Mar 26]; XVII(2):97-109. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532011000200011
19. Oliveira WA, Silva MAI, Mello FCM, Porto DL, Yoshinaga ACM, Malta DC. The causes of bullying: results from the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE). Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Feb 1]; 23(2):275-82. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S0104-11692015000200013&lng=en&nr m=iso&tlng=en
20. Na H, Dancy BL, Park C. College Student engaging in cyberbullying victimization: cognitive appraisals, coping strategies, and psychological adjustments. Arch Psychiatr Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Sep 5]; 29(3):155-61. Available from: http://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883941715000424
21. Sampaio JMC, Santos GV, Oliveira WA, Silva JL, Medeiros M, Silva MAI. Emotions of students involved in cases of bullying. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2015 [cited2017 Feb 1]; 24(2):344-52. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072015003430013
22. Kaya F, Bilgin H, Singer M. Contributing factors to aggressive behaviors in High School students in Turkey. J Sch Nurs [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jun 7]; 28(1):56-69. Available from: http://jsn.sagepub.com/ cgi/doi/10.1177/1059840511418669
23. Pinilla E, Orozco L, Camargo F, Berrío J, Medina L. Bullying en adolescentes escolarizados: validación del diagnóstico de enfermería “Riesgo de violencia dirigida a otros”. Hacia Promoc Salud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jun 7]; 17(1):45-58. Available from: http://promocionsalud.ucaldas.edu.co/downloads/ Revista17(1)_3.pdf
24. Dresler-Hawke E, Whitehead D. The Behavioral Ecological Model as a framework for school-based anti-bullying health promotion interventions. J Sch Nurs [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2014 Jun 7]; 25(3):195- 204. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/19363105
25. LoBiondo-Wood G, Haber J. Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2014.
26. Prado ML, Souza ML, Carraro TE. Investigación cualitativa en enfermería: contexto y bases conceptuales. Washington, D.C.: Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 2008.
27. National Association of School Nurses. Bullying prevention in schools [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014 Jun 7]. Available from: http://www.nasn.org/ PolicyAdvocacy/PositionPapersandReports/ NASNPositionStatementsFullView/tabid/462/ ArticleId/638/Bullying-Prevention-in-Schools- Adopted-January-2014
28. Molina M, Vaca J, Muñoz P, Cabascango K, Cabascango C. Gestión de la calidad de los cuidados de enfermería hospitalaria basada en la evidencia científica. Index Enferm [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Sep 5]; 25(3):151-5. Available from: http://scielo. isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1132- 12962016000200006&lang=pt
29. Reed PG, Shearer NBC. Nursing knowledge and theory innovation: advancing the science of practice. New York (US): Springer Pub. Co; 2011

Bullying o intimidación escolar: aportes desde la evidencia de investigación en enfermería

Bullying or intimidation at school: contributions from the evidence of research in nursing

Bullying ou intimidação escolar: contribuições a partir da evidência da pesquisa em enfermagem

Resumen

Abstract

Resumo

Bibliografía